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Herbicide Products used in Connecticut Yew Nurseries, 1999
| Material |
Total acres treated (%)a |
Avg a.i./Ac (pounds) |
Farms using product (%)b |
| Asulox |
0.2 |
3.00 |
11.00 |
| Casoron |
0.2 |
6.00 |
11.00 |
| Devrinol |
0.6 |
4.00 |
11.00 |
| Factor |
1.0 |
1.0 |
22.00 |
| Fusilade |
0.4 |
0.30 |
11.00 |
| Gallery |
0.4 |
0.50 |
22.00 |
| Goal |
25.0 |
1.25 |
66.00 |
| Lontrel |
2.0 |
0.08 |
11.00 |
| Pendulum |
0.02 |
6.00 |
11.00 |
| Pennant |
46.5 |
3.50 |
22.00 |
| Princep |
71.0 |
2.70 |
66.00 |
| Roundup |
69.2 |
1.40 |
44.00 |
| Surflan |
27.8 |
3.70 |
77.00 |
| Vantage |
21.7 |
0.13 |
22.00 |
a There was a total of 505 acres of yew grown.
b There were 9 growers in the stat.
VERTEBRATE PESTS
White-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus
Deer are credited as much with the decline in acres grown to yews as are root weevils. Many nurseries that grew yews 5 - 10 years ago no longer do so because of excessive deer damage (principally in coastal areas). Though deer browsing in the nursery can be a problem, the greater impact has been on the marketability of yews. Customers choose to buy other, deer-resistant plant species rather than yews.
Controls
Numerous sprayable antifeedant products are available. However, only one grower used an antifeedant product, Thiram, on his yews. This use amounted to less than 1% of the total acreage, which included about 1 pound of active ingredient. One grower obtained a damage permit and killed many deer in the nursery.
References
- Ahrens, John F. Personal communication. Emeritus Weed Scientist, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, January 25, 2000.
- Çilgi, T., S. D. Wratten, J. L. Robertson, D. E. Turner, J. M. Holland, and G. K. Frampton. 1996. Residual toxicities of three insecticides to four species (Coleoptera: Carabidae) of arthropod predator. Can. Entomol. 128: 1115-1124.
- Cowles, R. S. 1996. Vine weevil adulticides. Mitt. a. d. Biol. Bundestanst. 316: 113-117.
- Cowles, R. S. 1997. Several methods reduce insecticide use in control of black vine weevils. Frontiers Plant Sci. 49(2): 2-4.
- Cowles, R. S. and T. M. Abbey. 1999. Developing biorational insect management for field grown yew nurseries. USDA NRICGP Grant Proposal.
- Crook, A.M.E. and M. G. Solomon. 1996. Detection of predation on vine weevil by natural enemies using immunological techniques. Mitt. a. d. Biol. Budesanst. 316: 86-90.
- Evenhuis, H. H. 1982. Control of black vine weevil Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Med. Fac. Landbouww. Rijksuniv. Gent. 47: 675-678.
- Georgis, R. and R. Gaugler. 1991. Predictability in biological control using insect pathogenic nematodes. J. Econ. Entomol. 84: 713-720.
- Hanula, J. L. 1988. Field tests of fenvalerate for control of black vine weevil. Conn. Agric. Expt. Sta. Bull. 860. 6 pp.
- Kosztarab, M. 1996. Scale insects of Northeastern North America. Virginia Museum of Natural History Special Pub. No. 3. Martinsville, VA. pp. 361-363.
- Nielsen, D. G. and M. E. Montgomery. 1977. Toxicity and persistence of foliar insecticide sprays against black vine weevil adults. J. Econ. Entomol. 70: 510-512.
- Obodofin, A. A. and D. G. Finlayson. 1977. Interactions of several insecticides and a carabid predator (Bembidion lampros (Hrbst.)) and their effects on Hylemya brassicae (Bouché). Can. J. Plant Sci. 57: 1121-1126.
- Rutherford, T. A., D. Trotter and J. M. Webster. 1987. The potential of heterorhabditid nematodes as control agents of root weevils. Can. Ent. 119: 67-73.
- Smitley, D. R. 1994. Container inspection for Japanese beetle: a new approach to certification. Nursery Business Grower. August, 1994. pp. 6-7.
- Weed Science Society of America. 1989. Composite list of weeds. WSSA, Champaign, IL. 112 pp.
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